Pronouns (Pronominals) of Logooli
Discussion
In Ileseni 18 we discussed “Vilaange” and their various characteristics. In this lesson we will discuss “Visiingilili via vilaange”.
The relationship between the two above is that not always do “Vilaange”(nouns) get mentioned in Lulogooli. Often it will be their pronouns.
Pronouns stand in for Vilaange. They are known as “Visiingilili” – that stands for / represents Nouns. They can be read in chart Ileseni 19a below.
The reason as to why “Visiingilili” are often used in Lulogooli is because they are short and also because of the nature of word structure where a full noun cannot be admitted.
Visiingilili of Lulogooli are derived from the listed 19 noun classes as in chart Ileseni 11b. That is the first set of Visiingilili of Lulogooli.
They are: 1{mu}(n,u,a,ko,mo) 2{va}(mo,ku,va), 3{mu}(gu), 4{mi}(ji), 5{li}, 6{ma}(ga), 7{ki}, 8{vi}, 9{i}, 10{zi}, 11{lu}, 12{ka}, 13{tu}, 14{vu}, 15{ku}, 16{ha}, 17{ku}, 18{mu}, 19{gu}.
Where the curve brackets e.g “(ji)” are used, it denotes that the noun class applies a different reference (pronoun(s)). And they are dependent pronouns.
They are dependent because they do not stand alone for a word. But combine with other dependent word parts. Example word is "agutemi"(he cut it).
In the above word, "a+gu+tem+i", the pronoun is "gu". "Gu" is the reference for noun 3{mu} and 19{gu}.
Noun class 1{mu} and 2{va} have several references due to human nature of specificity. For the majority of the noun classes, the reference is same as noun class.
Visiingilili (pronouns) of noun classes with same letters (graphemes) are written alike. Examples are 15{ku} and 17{ku} of reference “ku-”. It should however be noted that in meaning there is a difference (morpheme role).
Visonelo (Demonstratives)
The first set of Pronouns are the demonstratives. They are used to identify location of a person or thing.
Demonstrative Pronouns in Lulogooli are called “Visoneli” to mean “pointers”. It is from the verb, “sona”(point).
The pointers are determined by distance – here, there(that) or distant as in table Ileseni 19c. In Lulogooli, the three are represented as aha, hao, hala.
The structure is therefore: Noun class agreement + Noun class reference (a+ha) for here(this). There we can have examples from other noun classes as “iki”, “utu” and “ili”.
For pointer “there”, the structure is: Noun Class + “o” (Ha+o=hao). “O” is here used to identify a nearby person or thing. Examples are: “io”, “vuo” and “zio”.
The third pointer for distant has structure: Noun class + “la”. Morpheme “la” identifies a distant person or object. Examples are “ula”, “ila”and kula”.
Where two vowels succeed above as “io”, “ii”, “uu”, “uo”, there is insertion of a semi-vowel in pronounciation to sound <iyo>, <iyi>, <uyu>, uyo> respectively.
Exercise
- Copy the demonstrative pronouns table in your notebook
- Identify any two nouns that are where you are, can be found near and also distant. Write them down.
Vinamuene (Possessive Pronouns)
The second set of Visiingilili denotes possession. They tell what is owned by who and also who is owned by what.
They are important because objects and property mainly has owners. If not owning directly, there is association to it.
It is to this “nearness” of something that Lulogooli has a language format of specifying on what object and who owns it.
The owner of something is “muene” in Lulogooli. That is for a person. But if a noun from another noun class owns, it changes. Examples is “Kiene” for 7{ki}.
For the general term of possession and possessing, Ululogooli uses “Vinamuene” for “Owning and being owned”.
The “Vinamuene” agree that a noun can own and can also be owned in the example words: “Luange” and “ualuo”. The noun at play in the words belong to class 11{lu}.
Table Ileseni 19e lists provides more relating words to “luange” –owning and “ualuo” – owned. This is by agreeing to the rest of the noun classes (whatever other noun of Lulogooli).
For prefix “Lu” it could be, “Lubaanga”(matchette), “Lunyaasi”(medicine), “Luvuusi”(thread) or “Luimbu”(song) amongst other “Lu-“ nouns.
What makes us know whether a noun is owning or owned is by the references (vivooli) from where the noun morphemes are inserted.
The possessive inferences are: - ange, - itu, -o_o, -inyu, -e_e, -a_o. The “-“ hyphen is for noun class before the inference while the underscore “_” for noun class inference between.
Table Ileseni 19f lists all the inferences and possessions of and by the noun claases.
The inferences stand for “-ange”(mine), “-itu”(ours), “-inyu”(yours), “-e_e”(his/hers), “-a_o”(theirs(theirs)).
For the two, “-e_e” and “-a_o”, the possession is differentiated by repeating the noun class “_” for the former and changing noun class at “_” for the latter.
Examples words are “lielie”(its), “kiekie”, “vivie” and “liavao”, “kiavao”, “viavao”.
Exercise
- Read the possessive pronouns in Table Ileseni 19f
- In your notebook, use example chart Ileseni 19e to find possession pronouns for noun “Ki” as object and subject.
Conjunction/Possessive pronouns
The fourth set of Visiingilili is derived when noun class references are added vowel “a”.
With “+a” we get words as “ua, kia, zia, vua, ia” and others from noun classes. These represent conjunction “of” when the noun is present in a sentence.
In a sentence case as “Imbwa ia mukaana”(the dog of a girl), the “ia” is a conjunction, joining the two words, “Imbwa” and “Mukaana”.
However when the noun, “imbwa”(dog) is not included and we still want to make the same meaning, it is possible.
A sentence, “ia mukaana”(of the girl) has word “ia” standing in both as “the dog” and also giving “characteristic of”.
Chart Ileseni 19h lists the pronouns when "chaacteristic +a" pronoun is added.
In the above, “+a” mainly acts to show who owns. But the broader essence of it is to represent the noun from where other descriptive words can be added.
Example descriptive words are:
- Ia muyaayi (of[dog] the boy)
- Kia mabalabale (of[butterfly] spots)
- Jia maduunda (of[trees] fruits)
Exercise
1. Read aloud Pronouns “Noun class” + “a” Ileseni 19h chart
2. Write five short sentences where pronoun “Noun Class” + “a” represents the noun
Number pronouns of Lulogooli
Another set of Visiingilili is from saying the number of noun or nouns. This is identified using numbers as in Chart Ileseni 19m
The numbers are; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7… to larger figures as 100, 1000, 10,000 and forth. In Lulogooli, a number is prefixed by the noun class.
To number or to count is "kuvaliza" in Lulogooli. Hence the name "Visiingilili-vivaliza".
For example, 1 is “–lala”. Depending on the noun class, that is where we get words as “Kilala, Mulala, Vulala, Halala” and more.
In the above, “-lala” can be said to be “number reference”. To mean, the dependent part of the word, a root. The hyphen “-“ is for the noun class.
Earlier on at Ileseni 11, we had listed nouns of Lulogooli and noted that some were countable. Noun class 1{mu} and 2{va} are written as “Mulala, Valala” respectively to mean “one” and “ones” respectively.
Does it then imply that singularity can take more than number 1? Yes, it can but the condition is that the noun must be in sequence order, not count. A plural noun can also take number 1.
The sequence order can be compared to English listing of “first, second, third, fourth, fifth” and so on.
The sequence order if applied using count numbers for noun class 1{mu}, it will be; “mulala(1), muvili(2), muvaga(3), mune(4), mutaano(5)…” for one person.
Where it is plural people, 2{va}, taking the count, it will be; “valala(1), vavili(2), vavaga(3), vane(4), vataano(5)...” and so on.
Note:
In Lulogooli, the traditional count or positioning by number was limited to base 5 and 10.
To mean, the count was 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Any number above that was found by adding it to 5.
5 is regarded a perfect number and any number below it (I,2,3 and 4) is in Lulogooli, “ilisuvi” – to mean falling short of.
The numbers 1-5 are referenced as; “-lala, -vili, -vaga, -ne, taano” as shown in Chart Ileseni 19i.
Numbers 6, 7, 8 and 9 were found by adding to 5 thus: 5+1, 5+2, 5+3, 5+4.
The above additions are “-taano na –lala, -taano na –vili, -taano na –vaga, -taano na –ne” respectively.
When a noun being counted is represented by class reference, we get words as; “kitaano na kilala(5+1), hataano na havili(5+2), zitaano na zivaga(5+3) and kutaano na kune(5+4).
The above is illustrated at Chart Ileseni 19j.
It is when 5 is added to 5 (5+5) that we have, “-komi”. This is the beginning of the count in tens. When it is 1 ten, it can be; “likomi, zikomi, hakomi, makomi” as examples.
When it is 20, 30, 40 or 50, the references are; “-komi –vili, -komi –vaga, -komi –ne, -komi na –taano”. In this sequence, a hundred (100) is “-komi –komi”.
From the above, we can get noun counts as; “likomi livili, hakomi havaga, vukomi vune, lukomi lutaano as in Chart Ileseni 19l.
The count is lengthened when numbers as 17 and 57 name written in words. Using base 5 and Ten, the writings are:
“-komi na –taano na –vili, 10+5+7=17” and “-komi –taano na –taano na –vili, 10*5+5+2”.
The above is a lengthy process yet good for those who would prefer the traditional count. Number 77 would take the format “-komi –taano na –komi –vili na –taano na vili (10*5 + 10*2 + 5 + 2).
With modern increased count, the process of counting in base 5 and ten is lengthy and is today read in the format below.
The numbers are 5+1=6(-siita), 5+2=7(-saba), 5+3=8(-naane), 5+4=9(-tisa). Even the tens are added 6, 7, 8 and 9 as illustrated in Chart Ileseni 19l.
Note that whereas in speech the numbers might come out unprefixed, it is important to prefix.
For example, "nine cows" is spoken <zing’oombe tisa>. In using “-Tisa” as pronoun, it has to represent the noun, “Zi-“. Hence the appropriate writing is “Zing’oombe zitisa”. Double noun "zing'oombe-tisa" does not present the best grammar.
Exercise
- Read aloud the number chart at Ileseni 19m
- In your notebook, expand Chart Ileseni 19j to include 6, 7, 8 and 9.
- Like in 2 above, write the numbers of 40 and 60 as done in Chart Ileseni 19l
Reflex pronouns of Logooli
In the next set of pronouns, the subject in the sentence tends to refer back to itself.
In this manner, the word used repeats back to the noun, making it appear asserting(insisting).
A word as “Mulalamuele” means “the very one”. Other words of the same reference (-lala-ele) are; “kilalakiele”, “zilalaziele”, “vulalavuele” and others.
In the above, the reference to one-self (it-self) is indicated by inserting a noun class at the hyphen space, “-“, of the reference “-lala-ele”.
This also works when a noun is both a subject and an object in a sentence. In the noun class table, objects and subjects do share the same pronoun.
Example for the above is “Valalavaele vakubani”(the very ones(persons) fought each other), “Milalamiele jigwii”(the very ones(trees) fell).
Apart from “-lala-ele”, there are two other reflex references, “-azana” and “-ene” that are also used to emphasize on the noun.
Only the noun class reference is used to specify on the noun as in the chart Ileseni 19o.
The other two above can also be expanded further to “-azana-ele” and “-ene-ele” for words as below:
“Kiazana(kiazanakiele), Luazana(luazanaluele), Kiene(kienekiele), guazana(guazanaguele)”.
The references can also be combined in further reflex and emphasis as in the words:
“Viazanaviene(-zana-ene), Gaenegazana(-ene-zana), Mulalamuene(-lala-ene).”
To add, the reference "-eng'ine" is for "only". This is for nouns taken in seclusion or picked from others.
Exercise
- Read the reflex nouns as illustrated in chart Ileseni 19o
- Expand the two "-azana" and "-ene" to include "-ene-zana" and "-lala-ene" respectively while using the noun class references provided.
Mass Pronouns of Logooli
Another pronoun set in Lulogooli is of mass.
With this, a noun in speech is represented either by an actual measure or comparison to a whole mass.
A word as “Mugologolo” in Lulogooli means “a standard measure”. The weight of Mugologolo is not necessarily 2kgs but if any mass can occupy the space as of the “mugologolo tin”, it is a “mugologolo” measure.
For nouns whose mass can be compared by size or a nearby object, the reference is “–li”(this much/size). Words as “muli, guli, vili, zili” are mass pronouns.
And when the compared to object or measure is distant, the reference is “-lio”(that size/much). Words as “mulio, gulio, vilio, zilio” mean “a noun of that measure/size”.
The above is fully elaborated for all noun classes at chart Ileseni 19t.
A whole measure (full, 100%, complete) is referenced by “-osi”. The pronoun words include; “ziosi, jiosi, luosi, kuosi” and more.
The whole also represents perfection (“-jima”) and much (-nyiingi). That those that do not represent whole are lesser (-di) or too little (-dididi).
An 1/8 is “kadididi” while ¼ is “kadi”. For measures as liquids, the “-kadididi” can be referenced with other descriptive words as “-lusama”(wetting) and “-mbutu”(drop).
The fraction measure of Lulogooli can be represented as in Chart 19s.
A fraction in Lulogooli is “kidyeeli”. A half is “-dyeeli -lala” for words as “kidyeeli kilala”, “zidyeeli zilala”, “vudyeeli vulala” and more.
Mass by length, is referenced by “-taambi”(tall) and “-imbi”(short). With that we have words as “mutaambi, kitaambi, itaambi” and “muimbi, kiimbi, iimbi” respectively.
In exaggeration for tallest and shortest, other words are added as “mutaambi zulyu” and “kiimbi gidi” respectively.
Excercise
- Read aloud Chart Ileseni 19t
- Expand Chart 19t to also include pronoun references "-gevagevu", "-mbutu", "-robo".
...
Interrogative Pronouns
The next set of pronouns is from “kuteeva”.
“Kuteeva” is from verb “teeva” that means “to ask”.
Basically, nouns would be pronounced with a question mark end to ask. Examples are; “mudoga?”(car?), “ziseendi?”(money?), “lunyaasi?”(medicine?).
When nouns are replaced with pronouns, the nouns above would take their noun class groups. And become; “gu?”(car),” ”zi?”(money), “lu?”(medicine?).
It is in the sentence cases that the dependent noun class references are written independently. As in the sentences below:
Gu guviti? (which passed?) – asking about a car. Zi zinyooleki? (How much was found?) – asking about money. Lu luhonnyaa? (Which cures?) – asking about medicine.
The above is how Ululogooli puts interrogative “What” in use. The object or subject is represented by its noun class reference.
From the noun class table, references “Ha, Mu, Ku and I” were identified as locatives. That is, when asked, it inquires about location. It answers “Where”.
Sentense examples of locatives are; “Ha haeywi?”(Where is swept?), “Mu muingilwaa?”(Where is entered?), “Ku kuviikilwaa?”(Where is put on?) and “I izyizwaa?”(Where is gone?).
To be specific on “Which”, reference “-liha” is added to noun class to denote “which one, what specifically?” Example words are; “guliha?, valiha?, uliha?”.
Interrogative “how?” in Lulogooli is “Ndi?” while “Who” is either “U?, Vu?, Vwaha? or Vanga?”.
“Vanga” is plural and the reference implied is “–anga”. The reference also denotes interrogation of numbers (plural).
Examble words for interrogative “-anga” are; “zianga?”(how much?), “luanga”(what number?), “jianga?”(what number?)
Exercise
- Using the table of nouns in Ileseni 11, identify a noun and write down its representative interrogative
- Read aloud Chart Ileseni 19r.
Relative and pronouns of colour
The other set of Logooli pronouns are when the noun in context is referred to by its characteristic.
The characteristic is largely physical and takes consideration of words; whom, whose, which and that.
Where the difference is in number, the earlier Visiingilili-vivaliza is used. Where the difference is in colour, the chart Ileseni 19v would guide.
A car can be referred to in several ways; “Gumwaami”(the black/dirty one), “Guzyizaa”(that is going), “Guivwi”(whose stolen) and more.
And the direct reference is relative, hence more other descriptions about the very noun can apply. A closing door can be; “uguhanaa”(that is closing), “uguhane”(which will be closed), “uguzuulaa”(the screeching) and more.
For the above direct descriptions (Visiingilili-vijooma), verbs mainly take the centre. Charts Ileseni 19w and 19x illustrate.
And when the nouns are not definite, Ululogooli has a few word references for them as below.
A sentence as “Something bit me” is in Ululogooli, “Kindu kinlumi”. Word “Kindu” is an indefinite pronoun, not knowing what it is.
The reference is “-ndu”, which can take prefixes of other nouns as; “lundu, handu, vundu, kundu” and more.
Common is the word reference “-leve” for Lulogooli whenever a noun is hidden. Someone is “Leve”. Category, singularity and plural noun is by prefixing with noun reference.
When meaning "any", the reference is "-osi" as in "liosi, jiosi and kiosi". For "anyone/anything", the reference is repeated, "-osi-osi" as in "liosiliosi, uosiuosi" and more. The "whole" for "every" is "vuli" as illustrated in chart Ileseni 19y.
It is from the lack of direct noun in the above that we refere to the pronouns as “Vigeehelu”. “Kugeeha” is to be in deficit of or lack to be complete.
The above is illustrated in chart Ileseni 19z.
Exercise:
1. Read aloud charts Ileseni X and Z
2. In your notebook, do add noun class prefixes to the colour names in chart Ileseni 19v.
Summary chart of Pronouns
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